Chiefs

In the years following the Civil War, a hard-fought Sioux resistance to western expansion, led by the warrior Sitting Bull, seemed to have accomplished the impossible: a treaty in which the United States gave the Sioux control of their territory. However, the potential to harvest the riches of the western plains, especially gold, soon proved more important to the U.S. than honoring their treaty.

In the years following the Civil War, a hard-fought Sioux resistance to western expansion, led by the warrior Sitting Bull, seemed to have accomplished the impossible: a treaty in which the United States gave the Sioux control of their territory. However, the potential to harvest the riches of the western plains, especially gold, soon proved more important to the U.S. than honoring their treaty.

While an immense statue of Black Hawk overlooks the Mississippi River today near the homeland of the Sauk & Fox nations, his descendants were forced to move from their original lands to the Indian Territory of Oklahoma. As the Sauk of today relate, the violent conflict that finally erupted around Black Hawk in the spring of 1832 spelled the end of Sauk resistance & nearly decimated their people.

Born in 1742 in what is now New York State’s Mohawk Valley, Joseph Brant’s parents gave him the traditional Mohawk name Thayendanegea – two sticks bound together in strength. Though unintended, the name would be strikingly symbolic of Brant’s twin ambitions: to be a power broker between Indian and English societies and to satisfy his thirst for power, recognition, and eminence.

For two days in August of 1885, Plains Cree leader Poundmaker sat shackled in a Regina courtroom, accused of participating in a rebellion against the Queen’s Canadian government. Administrators in Canada’s Indian Department, including the Superintendent, Sir John A. Macdonald, saw the Cree leader as an agitator and assumed that the Cree were in complete collusion with the Louis Riel rebellion.